Cybersecurity Analyst Interviews and Questions

1. How does Azure AD handle authentication and authorization for users and applications?

Authentication: Azure AD handles authentication using various methods, including passwords, multi-factor authentication (MFA), and passwordless authentication options like Windows Hello for Business, FIDO2 security keys, and the Microsoft Authenticator app. Azure AD supports OAuth 2.0, OpenID Connect, and SAML protocols to ensure secure authentication for both users and applications.

Authorization: Authorization in Azure AD is managed through role-based access control (RBAC). Users and applications are assigned roles that define their permissions. Azure AD provides built-in roles for common tasks and allows the creation of custom roles. Additionally, Azure AD can use Conditional Access policies to enforce access controls based on specific conditions, such as user location, device state, and application being accessed.

2. Explain the difference between Security Groups and Office 365 Groups in Azure AD.

Security Groups: These are used to manage user access to resources and permissions across Azure and on-premises environments. They can be used to assign permissions to shared resources like SharePoint sites, folders, files, and applications. Security groups do not include collaboration features.

Office 365 Groups: These are a more advanced type of group that includes collaboration features such as shared mailboxes, calendars, files, and OneNote notebooks. They integrate with Office 365 applications like Outlook, SharePoint, Teams, and Planner. Office 365 Groups can also be used to manage access to resources, but they are designed primarily to enhance collaboration within the organization.

3. How would you set up Single Sign-On (SSO) for an on-premises application using Azure AD?

To set up SSO for an on-premises application using Azure AD, follow these steps:

Configure Azure AD Connect: Ensure Azure AD Connect is configured to synchronize on-premises AD with Azure AD.

Install and configure Azure AD Application Proxy: This enables secure remote access to your on-premises application.

Publish the on-premises application: In the Azure portal, navigate to Azure AD > Enterprise applications > New application. Select "On-premises application" and follow the steps to publish your application.

Configure SSO settings: Once the application is published, configure the SSO settings. Depending on the application, you might use protocols like SAML or Kerberos for SSO.

Test and verify SSO: Ensure users can sign in to the application using their Azure AD credentials without needing to re-enter their credentials.

4. What are the different methods of MFA supported by Azure AD?

Azure AD supports the following MFA methods:

Microsoft Authenticator app: Notification or verification code through the mobile app.

SMS: Verification code sent via text message.

Voice call: Verification code sent through a phone call.

OATH hardware tokens: Using physical tokens that generate OTPs.

FIDO2 security keys: Passwordless authentication using hardware keys.

Windows Hello for Business: Biometrics or PIN-based authentication on Windows devices.

5. How do you register an application in Azure AD, and what are the key considerations?

To register an application in Azure AD:

Navigate to Azure AD: In the Azure portal, go to Azure Active Directory > App registrations > New registration.

Fill in application details: Provide a name, select the supported account types, and specify the redirect URI if applicable.

Configure API permissions: Grant the necessary API permissions for the application to access resources.

Certificates and secrets: Create and configure certificates and client secrets for authentication.

Branding and properties: Optionally configure branding and other properties.

Key considerations:

Permission scope: Ensure the application has the least privilege necessary.

Security: Use certificates for authentication over client secrets whenever possible.

Redirect URIs: Ensure correct redirect URIs are configured to prevent security vulnerabilities.

Compliance: Adhere to organizational and regulatory compliance requirements.

6. Can you explain the principle of least privilege and how it applies to IAM?

The principle of least privilege states that users and applications should be granted the minimum level of access necessary to perform their tasks. In IAM (Identity and Access Management), this principle helps to reduce the risk of unauthorized access and limit the potential damage from security breaches. Applying this principle involves:

Defining roles and permissions: Clearly defining roles with specific permissions aligned to job functions.

Regular reviews: Periodically reviewing and adjusting permissions to ensure they remain appropriate.

Conditional access: Using policies that provide access based on specific conditions (e.g., device state, location).

Segregation of duties: Ensuring that no single user has excessive permissions that could lead to misuse.

7. How do you create and assign custom roles in Azure AD?

To create and assign custom roles in Azure AD:

Create a custom role:

Navigate to Azure AD > Roles and administrators > New custom role.

Provide a name and description.

Define the permissions by selecting the appropriate actions.

Assign the custom role:

Go to the Azure AD > Roles and administrators.

Select the custom role you created.

Click on "Assignments" and add the users or groups to assign the role to.

8. What is Azure AD Privileged Identity Management (PIM), and how does it help in managing privileged roles?

Azure AD Privileged Identity Management (PIM) is a service that helps manage, control, and monitor access to important resources in Azure AD, Azure, and other Microsoft Online Services. PIM helps by:

Just-in-time access: Granting temporary privileged access to perform specific tasks.

Role activation: Requiring approval to activate privileged roles.

Access reviews: Periodically reviewing and re-certifying privileged access.

Notifications and alerts: Sending alerts when privileged roles are activated.

Audit logs: Providing detailed logs of privileged role assignments and activations for security and compliance purposes.

9. After implementing a new Conditional Access policy, several users are unable to sign in from their mobile devices. How would you diagnose and address this problem?

To diagnose and address the issue:

Review the Conditional Access policy: Check the policy settings to ensure they are correctly configured.

Check the sign-in logs: Navigate to Azure AD > Sign-ins and review the logs for the affected users to understand why the access was blocked.

Verify device compliance: Ensure that the mobile devices meet the compliance requirements specified in the policy.

Adjust policy settings: Modify the policy settings if necessary, such as excluding certain users or groups temporarily to allow access.

Test and monitor: After making changes, test the policy with affected users and continue to monitor the sign-in logs to ensure the issue is resolved.

10. Can you explain what Active Directory is and its primary functions in an on-premises environment?

Active Directory (AD) is a directory service developed by Microsoft for Windows domain networks. Its primary functions include:

Authentication and authorization: Verifying user credentials and granting access to resources.

Directory services: Providing a centralized database of user, computer, and resource information.

Group Policy management: Enforcing security and configuration settings across the network.

Replication: Ensuring data consistency across multiple domain controllers.

LDAP support: Using the Lightweight Directory Access Protocol (LDAP) for accessing and managing directory information.

11. What is Group Policy, and how is it used in managing an on-premises AD environment?

Group Policy is a feature of Windows Server that allows administrators to define configurations for users and computers within an Active Directory environment. It is used to:

Enforce security settings: Apply security policies such as password complexity and account lockout policies.

Deploy software: Automatically install and update applications on user computers.

Manage user environments: Configure user desktop settings, including Start menu, taskbar, and wallpaper.

Control user permissions: Restrict or grant access to specific features and functions.

12. How would you manage replication between domain controllers in different sites?

To manage replication between domain controllers in different sites:

Configure sites and subnets: In Active Directory Sites and Services, create sites and associate subnets to ensure domain controllers know which site they belong to.

Create site links: Define site links to control and schedule replication between sites.

Configure replication schedules: Set replication intervals and schedules to optimize network bandwidth usage.

Monitor replication: Use tools like RepAdmin and the Active Directory Replication Status Tool to monitor replication health and troubleshoot issues.

Adjust replication settings: Modify settings such as replication interval, cost, and transport protocol (RPC or SMTP) based on network conditions and requirements.

13. Your organization needs to establish a trust relationship with another company's AD domain. What are the types of trust relationships, and how would you set one up?

Types of trust relationships:

External trust: Connects two separate AD domains, usually for resource sharing.

Forest trust: Connects two separate AD forests, allowing cross-forest resource access.

Shortcut trust: Optimizes authentication times between domains in a complex AD forest.

Realm trust: Connects an AD domain with a non-Windows Kerberos realm.

Trust direction: Trusts can be one-way or two-way, determining the direction of trust.

To set up a trust relationship:

Open Active Directory Domains and Trusts.

Select the domain: Right

  What is chatGPT?

ChatGPT is a large language model developed by OpenAI. It is trained on a dataset of conversational text, and is able to generate human-like responses to text-based prompts. It can be used for a variety of natural language processing tasks, such as language translation, text summarization, and question answering.

Features of ChatGPT:

ChatGPT has several key features that make it a powerful language model for natural language processing tasks:

Pre-training: ChatGPT is pre-trained on a large dataset of conversational text, which allows it to understand the context and structure of conversational language.

Fine-tuning: Because it is pre-trained, ChatGPT can be fine-tuned for specific tasks using a smaller dataset. This allows for better performance on those tasks than training a model from scratch.

Generative model: ChatGPT is a generative model, meaning it can generate new text based on a given prompt or context. This allows it to be used for tasks such as language translation, text summarization and question answering.

Contextual understanding: ChatGPT is able to understand the context of a conversation, which allows it to generate more relevant and natural-sounding responses.

High quality outputs: Due to its large size and pre-training, ChatGPT can generate high-quality, human-like text, making it well suited for tasks such as chatbots and virtual assistants.

 Constructor in Javascript

In this article we are goanna to see about Constructor in Javascript and where we use these. which is most important when you are going to start your career in JavaScript. Please ready and enjoy this article if you want to give any feedback about your experience, we welcome.

Constructor is special function that prepare new instance of an object for use.

Example:

function Mobile( ){

this.model = “mi 9 pro”,

this.price = function( ){ document.write(this.model + “Price 3000”);

}

}

var redmi = new Mobile();

document.write(redmi.model + redmi.price( ));

Constructor with parameter:

Example:

function Mobile(model_name ){

this.model = model_name,

this.price = function( ){ document.write(this.model + “Price 3000”);

}

}

var redmi = new Mobile(“mi 9”);

document.write(redmi.model + redmi.price( ));

 Factory Function in Javascript

In this article we are goanna to see about Factory Function in Javascript and where we use these. which is most important when you are going to start your career in JavaScript. Please ready and enjoy this article if you want to give any feedback about your experience, we welcome.

A factory function is any function which is not a class or constructor that returns an object. In JavaScript, any function can return an object. When it does so without the new keyword, it’s a factory function.

Example:

function mobile( ){

return { 

model: “mi 9 pro”,

price: function( ){ return (“Price 3000”);}

};

}

var redmi = mobile( );

document.write(redmi.model + redmi.price( ));

Example:

function mobile(model_name ){

return { 

model : model_name;

price : function( ){ return (“Price 3000”);}

};

}

var redmi = mobile(“redmi pro 9” );

var nokia = mobile(“nokia 3000” );

document.write(redmi.model + redmi.price( ));

 Object Literal Properties and Method in Javascript

In this article we are goanna to see about Object Literal Properties and Method in Javascript and where we use these. which is most important when you are going to start your career in JavaScript. Please ready and enjoy this article if you want to give any feedback about your experience, we welcome.

Properties

A property of an object is some piece of named data it contains. These are accessed with dot operator applied to an object alternative to the dot operator is the array[ ] operator.

Syntax:  object_name.property_name

Ex:

var person = { fname: 'Raj’, lname: 'Kumar’, age: 25 };

var person = { };

person[“fname”] = “Raj”;   or person.fname =  “Raj”;

document.write(person.fname);

document.write(person[‘fname’]);

delete person.fname

Method

Object members that are functions are called methods. These are accessed with dot operator applied to an object alternative to the dot operator is the array[ ] operator.

Syntax:  object_name.method_name( );

Ex:

var person = { fname: 'Raj’, lname: 'Kumar’, fullname: function(){return (“Hello world”}}

var person = { };

person[“fullname”] = function(){return (“Hello world”)};  

person.fullname = function(){return (“Hello world”)}; 

document.write(person.fullname());

document.write(person[‘fullname’]());

       delete person.fname()

 Objects in Javascript

In this article we are goanna to see about Objects in Javascript and where we use these. which is most important when you are going to start your career in JavaScript. Please ready and enjoy this article if you want to give any feedback about your experience, we welcome.

An object is a collection of properties, and a property is an association between a name (or key) and a value. A property's value can be a function, in which case the property is known as a method. In addition to objects that are predefined in the browser, you can define your own objects. 

Syntax:

objectName.propertyName

Ex:

var person = { fname: 'Raj’, lname: 'Kumar’, age: 25 };

document.write(person.fname);

document.write(person.lname);

Almost "everything" is an object javascript.

Booleans can be objects (if defined with the new keyword)

Numbers can be objects (if defined with the new keyword)

Strings can be objects (if defined with the new keyword)

Dates are always objects

Maths are always objects

Regular expressions are always objects

Arrays are always objects

Functions are always objects

Objects are always objects

All JavaScript values, except primitives, are objects

Declaration and initialization of Object:

Syntax:

var object_name = { };

Ex:

var person = { };

person[‘fname’] = “Rajesh”;

person[‘lname’] = “Kumar”;

person[‘age’] = 26

document.write(person.fname);